It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and inadequate public healthcare. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies it is considered a newly industrialised country. The Indian economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi. Four of the world's major religions- Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism-originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. ![]() ![]() It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. India ( i / ˈ ɪ n d i ə /), officially the Republic of India ( Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia.
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